AI 輔助寫作的助力與阻力
AI-Assisted Writing: The Dos and Don'ts
撰稿：寫作中心教師群
當前，生成式AI應用工具掀起了一股熱潮，也為許多領域帶來革命式的衝擊，其中最具代表性的就是ChatGPT。自2022年底發布以來，ChatGPT成為史上在最短時間內註冊用戶數突破一億的應用軟體。GPT是「生成式（Generative）預訓練（Pre-trained）轉換器（Transformer）」的縮寫，指的是經由大量數據學習，可生產出新的文字、圖片、影像及聲音內容，而ChatGPT 則是指能夠對話的GPT。
以寫作來說，目前ChatGPT所具備之優勢包含整合資訊、針對性的問答回應，事實與數據資料的提供等，但它在論點的呈現方面卻出現較為嚴重的缺陷。論點乃是體現一位作者對於事件或議題的看法、主張，是體現批判思考與分析能力之處，在寫作時至關重要。
面對ChatGPT的浪潮席捲全球，站在寫作教學的角度，我們抱持的態度是，與其視若洪水猛獸般防堵、閃躲，不如正視這股浪潮，因勢利導。因此，本單元將以ChatGPT為例，說明它常見的寫作問題，搭配本手冊前九個單元所提及之寫作重點，提出因應之道，並提醒讀者使用ChatGPT協助寫作時須留意的五項要點。希望讓ChatGPT成為低層次資訊與文件處理的助力，且不會對我們的寫作及批判思考造成阻礙。
使用ChatGPT 常見之問題
用ChatGPT 撰寫文章，可能出現的問題主要可歸納為：寫作邏輯不順、組織結構疏漏、用字遣詞不妥、銜接連貫薄弱、首尾經營不足五個方面，且無論是中、英文寫作，皆存在著相同的問題。以下分項舉例說明：
1. 寫作邏輯不順
寫作時，論點的陳述需要有邏輯，包含資訊的排列與銜接，都需要考慮周全。但在ChatGPT的文章中，若有三個內文段落，經常會是第一段寫A論點，第二段寫B論點，第三段落又回過頭來敘述A論點，有重複的情況發生。此外，論點的接續也很重要，而因為ChatGPT是引述不同來源的資料，各段論點往往各自獨立，無法前後交叉論述，所以我們在ChatGPT所給的回應裡，不會見到「如前所述」這樣具有接續前後論述內容的用詞。
我們可以從兩個方面詳細說明ChatGPT 出現的與邏輯相關的問題：
(1) 論證缺陷
例如對ChatGPT下達的提示為：write a 5-paragraph essay to compare and contrast obsession and determination，得到以下的結果：
Obsession and determination are two closely related concepts that share similarities in terms of their intensity and focus, but they also have significant differences that set them apart. Both terms involve a strong commitment to achieving a goal or a desired outcome, but the way in which one approaches the pursuit of that goal is what separates these two concepts.
Obsession is characterized by an intense, all-consuming focus on a particular goal or outcome. People who are obsessed with something often experience a sense of urgency and a feeling that they must achieve their goal at all costs. This can sometimes lead to negative consequences, such as neglecting other aspects of their life, becoming socially isolated, or experiencing burnout. In contrast, determination is characterized by a persistent and unwavering commitment to a goal, without necessarily becoming completely consumed by it.
以上內容是ChatGPT給的五段文章中的前兩段，以這篇文章的主旨句 (Both terms involve a strong commitment to…, but the way in which one approaches the pursuit… ) 來看，這篇比較對照的文章中，應該會先討論癡迷與決心的共同點，然後才會比較不同之處。可是在接下來的內文段落中，卻跳過討論「相同點」，而直接論述何謂癡迷，明顯違反論證的邏輯。
(2) 論點重複
ChatGPT經常可見文章內容論點重複的問題，多不勝數，茲舉一例說明。例如當我們下達的提示為：write a 5 paragraph essay about the causes of depression in college時，ChatGPT 給出以下的回應：
Understanding the Causes of Depression in College Student
Depression is a serious mental health condition that can significantly affect one's quality of life. College students are particularly vulnerable to depression due to a range of factors unique to their situation. In this essay, we will explore some of the causes of depression in college.
One of the leading causes of depression in college is stress. College students experience high levels of stress due to the pressure of academics, financial obligations, social life, and future career prospects. This stress can trigger depressive symptoms in susceptible individuals, leading to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.
Another significant cause of depression in college is social isolation. Many students leave their homes and social support systems to attend college, which can be a daunting and isolating experience. Coupled with the stress of academics and financial burdens, this isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness and sadness, contributing to the development of depression.
這裡摘錄了五段式文章的前三段，在以上的內容中，所討論的關於大學生罹患憂鬱症的第一個原因是壓力，裡面細分為學業、經濟、社交生活、職涯發展等方面。但是文章後面的段落中，又分別討論學業壓力、經濟壓力(見畫線處)，內容重複了。
由此可見，文章架構要清楚，通常在撰寫大綱時就須仔細審視、思考，確保論點、邏輯沒有問題。
• 因應之道：請參考手冊第1單元「寫作邏輯」。
2. 組織結構疏漏
文章的組織結構包含字句、段落與篇章的構成與經營，涉及面向甚廣。扼要地說，當我們談及文章的組織結構清晰時，是指文章裡的每一個句子、段落與論點，都能夠有條有理、層層推進，以展現文章的要旨。以下將指出使用ChatGPT可能涉及的組織結構問題：
(1) 提示詞將影響文章內容呈現的精準度
雖然使用ChatGPT時，提示詳細些可能會得到比較符合需求的結果，但是須注意的是，有時候太長的提示，反而會讓ChatGPT無法完整執行所有的提示要求，或是忽略提示。試比較以下的兩個例子：
Prompt1:
I want you to act as a graduate student writing an academic essay about the similarities and differences between obsession and determination. In the first paragraph, give an interesting opening an explicit thesis statement. In the second paragraph, give the definitions of both terms from dictionaries or journal papers. In the third paragraph, write the similarities between the two. In the fourth paragraph, write the differences between the two. In both paragraphs three and four, you need to use published papers to support the arguments and use examples to illustrate the ideas. All the citations need to be in APA style. In the fifth paragraph, write a concluding sentence to summarize the essay and closure which provides suggestions about how to be determined not obsessive.
Despite their differences, obsession and determination share similarities in terms of their high degree of focus and perseverance. Both involve a strong commitment to achieving a goal, despite the challenges and setbacks that may arise. For example, athletes who set specific goals and work tirelessly to achieve them exhibit determination, while individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) demonstrate obsessive behavior (Wertz et al., 2019; Grisham et al., 2016).
Prompt2:
I want you to act as a graduate student and write a 70-word academic paragraph about the similarities between obsession and determination. You need to use published papers to support the arguments and use examples to illustrate the ideas. All the citations need to be in APA style.
Obsession and determination share similarities in terms of their high degree of focus and perseverance. For example, athletes who set specific goals and work tirelessly to achieve them exhibit determination, while individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) demonstrate obsessive behavior (Wertz et al., 2019; Grisham et al., 2016). Furthermore, both obsession and determination involve a degree of self-control and discipline, as individuals must overcome internal and external obstacles to achieve their goals (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). These similarities suggest that individuals may need to be mindful of their motivations and behaviors to ensure a healthy pursuit of their goals.
從以上提示1與提示2給出的文章內容來看，雖然提示1的提示較為詳細，但以結果來看，提示2的效果比較好。在提示1中，雖然有要求在第三段與第四段要舉例說明，但ChatGPT實際提供的文章，只有第四段有提供例子，而且在提供例子後，段落並沒有完整的結論句。而提示2的提示比較短，所產生出來的段落架構比較完整，除了有主題句、支持論點與例子以外，還有完整的結語句 (These similarities suggest that…)。
(２) 僅有主張，缺乏證據支持
常見的段落發展元素包含主題句、支持句和結論句的部分。然而ChatGPT的回應經常會出現僅有主張，欠缺證據支持，以及解釋不夠充分的情況。例如：
Another difference between obsession and determination is the extent to which they are rooted in external factors versus internal ones. Obsession often stems from external pressures or societal expectations, such as the desire to achieve a certain level of success or recognition. Determination, on the other hand, is often driven by internal motivation, such as a personal sense of purpose or a desire to achieve something for oneself.
以上這段是出現在ChatGPT所回應的完整文章的第二段。前面的段落提到，癡迷通常是屬於外在的，決心則可能源自內在。但是在後面的段落裡所討論的例子，「尋找靈魂伴侶」和「追逐夢想」則可能源自外在或內在，甚至是兩者兼有，因此文章所提出的觀點缺乏堅實、有效的基礎。在撰寫學術文章時，若要使論證更為充分、具說服力，建議引用已發表的文獻，或是採取更詳盡的闡述方式。
• 因應之道：請參考手冊第2單元「組織結構」。
(３) 假造不存在的文獻資料
如何避免抄襲向來是學術界密切關注的議題。避免抄襲的基本功便是如何改寫、摘述、引用參考文獻等。雖然ChatGPT可依據指示在寫文章時，使用參考資料支持論點，但它所提供的文獻或是數據經常是不正確的，甚至可能提供假造的文獻與資料。這在學術寫作倫理方面是非常嚴重的問題。因此，使用者一定要確認檢查ChatGPT所提供的參考文獻。例如當我們使用這樣的提示：
Prompt:
write a 5-paragraph essay to compare and contrast obsession and determination, include at least 3 supportive data like published papers or reports to support the arguments, and use APA citing and referencing style
獲得的回應是：
Determination, on the other hand, is characterized by a persistent and unwavering commitment to a goal. A study by Duckworth et al. (2019) found that individuals with high levels of determination exhibited greater self-control and were more likely to persevere in the face of obstacles. This persistence is also associated with higher levels of emotional well-being (Cheung & Tsai, 2017). However, determination alone may not be enough to achieve success, as it must be paired with adaptability and creativity to respond to changing circumstances (Mumford et al., 2018).
在以上的段落中，(Cheung & Tsai, 2017) 這份資料其實是不存在的，若貿然使用將有違反學術倫理之虞。
• 因應之道：請參考寫作教學中心教師群所錄製之線上學習資源「學術寫作停看聽」，除了強化學生的學術寫作倫理觀念，並可增進英文寫作技巧。
• 中文影片https://reurl.cc/zA59z6
• 英文影片https://reurl.cc/zAK696
(４) 引用格式有誤
除了偽造不存在的文獻以外，ChatGPT還經常出現引用文獻不完整、頁碼出錯、格式不正確等問題。
• 因應之道：目前知名的國際期刊如Science、Nature，已宣告不接受使用AI生成工具投稿的論文。至於各大學的態度，則多交由授課教師自行規定使用規範。而我們發現，昆士蘭大學的圖書館網站，已提供相關的引用格式參考：
https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/chatgpt-and-generative-ai-tools。建議讀者，若要使用ChatGPT輔助寫作，務必要確定該課程或是期刊針對AI生成工具的使用規範與引用格式。目前APA官方網站並未提供正式的ChatGPT引用格式指引。寫作教學中心將會密切注意相關報導與規定，視情況在中心網頁上公告相關資訊。
3. 用字遣詞不妥
在英文寫作中，ChatGPT較少出現用字遣詞方面的重大錯誤，但我們仍需留意ChatGPT在領域用詞方面無法精準呈現的問題。雖然在使用設定時，可以設定是要用口語還是學術等口吻撰寫，但是ChatGPT無法針對不同領域的作者，提供不同專業程度的文章內容。例如，倘若在提示詞中，請它以一個心理學系學生的角度，撰寫探討癡迷與決心的這篇文章，生成出來的文章跟沒有設定作者的專業背景生成出來的文章，並無太大差別。由此可知，ChatGPT無法提供領域專業與一般性質文章的區隔。唯一能夠有所區隔之處是可以在提示詞中提及，需引用心理學期刊文獻加以論述，但還是得注意文獻造假的問題。
至於中文寫作，由於目前ChatGPT 的資料訓練大多來自簡體資料，因此它的回應可能會出現用字遣詞與繁體中文使用者的表達習慣相異的情形，這也是使用時需要留意的一點。例如：
快時尚對環境、社會和個人福祉的影響是不可忽視的。為了解決
這個問題，需要從消費者、製造商和政府三個方面入手。消費者
需要更加理性地看待時尚，選擇高品質、耐用的服裝，並且避免
過度消費。製造商需要承擔更多的」社會責任，確保工人享有公
正的工資和工作條件，並且實行可持續的生產方式。政府需要出
台更嚴格的法律和政策，限制過度消費和環境污染。
上文中「出台」一詞，在《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》中的定義是：「大陸地區喻制定某種方針政策，開始實行。」這就與臺灣讀者的用詞習慣並不相同。建議寫作時需從寫作對象的角度考量、設想，留意用語習慣與詞語意涵方面的使用差異，以避免讀者產生困惑或誤解。
• 因應之道：可參考手冊第4單元「用字遣詞」。
4. 銜接連貫薄弱
ChatGPT的強項在於能夠擷取不同來源的資料，整合出一篇文章。只是，這樣的文章看起來言之有物，但細讀後會發現，段落的流暢度還有銜接方面都比較薄弱，易使人產生「有拼貼感」之印象。再者，一般而言，在論述時「舉例」說明主張之後，應該再加上充分說明舉例內容的一、二個句子，然而ChatGPT卻往往只把例子放在段落的最後，隨之結束整段，予人沒有好好收束整段的印象。例如以下的例子：
提示：
I want you to act as a college student writing an academic essay about the similarities and differences between obsession and determination. In the first paragraph, give an interesting opening and an explicit thesis statement. In the second paragraph, give the definitions of both terms from dictionaries or journal papers. In the third paragraph, write the similarities between the two. In the fourth paragraph, write the differences between the two. In paragraphs three and four, you need to use published papers to support the arguments and use examples to illustrate the ideas. All the citations need to be in APA style. In the fifth paragraph, write a concluding sentence to summarize the essay and a closure that provides suggestions about how to be determined instead of being obsessive.
ChatGPT的回應為：
Obsession and determination are two concepts that are often used interchangeably, yet they differ significantly in their nature and effects. Obsession refers to a persistent, disturbing preoccupation with an idea or feeling, whereas determination is a firm or fixed intention to achieve a desired outcome. This essay aims to compare and contrast obsession and determination, highlighting their similarities and differences, and to provide insights into how to be determined without being obsessive.
(Paragraph 2: Definitions) According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, ……
Despite their differences, obsession and determination share similarities in terms of their high degree of focus and perseverance. Both involve a strong commitment to achieving a goal, ……. For example, athletes who set specific goals and work tirelessly to achieve them exhibit determination, while individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) demonstrate obsessive behavior (Wertz et al., 2019; Grisham et al., 2016).
However, obsession and determination differ in their underlying motivations and outcomes. Obsession can be detrimental to one's mental health and well-being, while determination……
在第三段中，一開始的文句Despite their differences….,obsession and determination share similarities….從這句來看，這個段落先用despite來與前一段落銜接。然後這段文字要討論obsession 和determination的相似之處。 然而，這篇文章的前面兩段，並沒有討論obsession 和determination的相異處。所以這樣的段落銜接其實與前面段落是不連貫的。此外，段落中在提供了一個例子 (For example, athletes who…) 之後，並沒有任何的說明，亦無與本段主要論點相互呼應就草草結束。
• 因應之道：請參考手冊第5單元「銜接連貫」。
5. 首尾經營不足
ChatGPT的回應較不善於經營文章的開場與結尾，或者突然提出主張，或者缺乏結論，戛然而止，讀來均使人感到突兀、生硬。另外，在結論的段落，也不宜出現先前未曾提過的論點，以前面曾提及的The Negative Effects of Fast Fashion一文為例：
In conclusion, fast fashion has significant negative effects on the environment, workers, and consumers. The trend towards fast fashion has led to overconsumption, waste, pollution, and exploitation. To address these negative impacts, consumers can choose to buy sustainably produced clothing, recycle their clothing items, and reduce their overall consumption. Additionally, governments can implement regulations to ensure that fast fashion companies adhere to higher labor and environmental standards, promoting a more sustainable and ethical clothing industry.
• 因應之道：請參考手冊第9單元「首尾並重」。
運用ChatGPT協助寫作之建議
1. 經廣泛討論或論述材料較為充足的主題較適用
若要利用ChatGPT輔助寫作，建議選擇已具有豐富資料內容或研究成果的議題。至於較新穎的議題，可能因缺乏相關資料及未經廣泛討論，較難獲得實用、精確的寫作建議。這是因為ChatGPT採用的是大型語言資料庫的資料，因此若資料量不夠，產出的內容就會有問題。另外，它所倚賴的也並非是隨時更新的資料庫，因此若要討論較新的議題，ChatGPT可能就無法提供相關資料了。 例如，當我們詢問：「後疫情時代，人類的社會將產生什麼樣重大的改變？」ChatGPT僅能夠簡略回答出：健康意識增強、數位化程度加強、旅遊業變革、工作方式改變、社會結構變化五點，並各以兩行文字簡略說明。回應的最後則說：「疫情期間的變革可能會對人類社會產生深遠的影響，但這些影響的具體方向和程度還需要時間來證明。」由此可見，針對較新穎的議題，不建議直接問關於這個新的議題的具體內容如何，而是建議要把相關議題與議題背後可能涉及的理論、原理分開提問，之後再將ChatGPT的回應加以分析、比較。
2. 單次提示越清楚越好
建議單次搜尋的提示宜清楚、明確，約3-4個為佳。例如：
write a 5-paragraph essay to compare and contrast obsession and determination, include at least 3 supportive data like published papers or reports to support the arguments, and use APA citing and referencing style
相較於僅下達寬泛的write a 5-paragraph essay to compare and contrast obsession and determination提示來說，ChatGPT給出的回應將會更為精準。再者，我們還可以比較下列的兩個例子：
Prompt 1:
I want you to act as a student writing an academic essay about the similarities and differences between obsession and determination. In the first paragraph, give an interesting opening and an explicit thesis statement. In the second paragraph, give the definitions of both terms from dictionaries or journal papers. In the third paragraph, write the similarities between the two. In the fourth paragraph, write the differences between the two. In paragraphs three and four, you need to use published papers to support the arguments and use examples to illustrate the ideas. All the citations need to be in APA style. In the fifth paragraph, write a concluding sentence to summarize the essay and closure which provides suggestions about how to be determined instead of being obsessive.
(Introduction Paragraph) Obsession and determination are two concepts that are often used interchangeably, yet they differ significantly in their nature and effects. While both involve a high degree of focus and perseverance, they differ in their underlying motivations and outcomes. This essay aims to compare and contrast obsession and determination, highlighting their similarities and differences, and to provide insights into how to be determined without being obsessive.
Prompt 2:
I want you to act as a student writing an academic essay about the similarities and differences between obsession and determination. In the first paragraph, start the argument with interesting statistic as the opening and then give an explicit thesis statement. In the second paragraph, give the definitions of both terms from dictionaries or journal papers. In the third paragraph, write the similarities between the two. In the fourth paragraph, write the differences between the two. In both paragraphs three and four, you need to use published papers to support the arguments and use examples to illustrate the ideas. All the citations need to be in APA style. In the conclusion paragraph, start with a concluding sentence first to summarize the essay. End the conclusion paragraph with suggestions from a psychology paper about how to be determined instead of being obsessive and an indication of the significance of the essay.
(Introduction Paragraph) According to a study by the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 1 in 5 adults in the United States experiences mental illness in a given year. Among the challenges faced by individuals with mental illness is the tension between the desire to succeed and the risk of developing an unhealthy obsession with success. Obsession and determination are two concepts that are often used interchangeably, yet they differ significantly in their nature and effects. The importance of understanding these two concepts lies in the fact that being determined can lead to achieving goals and life satisfaction, while being obsessive can be harmful to mental health and lead to negative consequences. This essay aims to compare and contrast obsession and determination, highlighting their similarities and differences, and to provide insights into how to be determined without being obsessive.
(Conclusion Paragraph) In conclusion, understanding the difference between obsession and determination is essential for achieving success and well-being. While they share similarities in their high degree of focus and perseverance, they differ significantly in their underlying motivations and outcomes. By setting realistic goals and cultivating a growth mindset, individuals can maintain a healthy sense of determination without becoming obsessive. A study by Caza and colleagues (2018) suggests that cultivating a sense of purpose and meaning in one's work can also promote a healthy balance between determination and obsession. The significance of this essay lies in its contribution to raising awareness about the importance of mental health and balance in achieving success.
從以上的兩個例子可以看出，在缺乏更具體提示的情況下，ChatGPT 傾向於在介紹（主要僅提供 1-2 句主題介紹和論文陳述）和結論（主要僅提供對想法的回顧）中簡短描述而已。如果期望尋求更加引人入勝的開場白，和鼓舞人心的結論，則需要具體的提示。
3. 可分層次下達提示
從事學術寫作時，有許多需要符合的規範與要求，例如架構、論點排序、格式等，建議要分次給予提示。又，當發現ChatGPT的回應停頓或中斷時，可持續下達提示追問，如：「沒有說完」、「還有嗎」等，將有助於獲得連續的回應。
4. 宜將ChatGPT的回應做為參照版本，而不宜全盤接受
ChatGPT的優勢在於廣度，但以論說類型的文章來看，它在「主張」的深度方面則較難以照顧周全。因此，使用ChatGPT也不適合從零開始，如此獲致的恐怕只有寬泛的回應內容。使用者需要更清楚自己的想法，才能得到較為精準、具體的回應。並且，對於ChatGPT給予的回應也應保持高度警覺，進行檢證。若是一味依賴、通盤接收，則恐未蒙其利，先受其害。
5. 善用不同的AI寫作輔助軟體，找出最佳溝通表達方式
運用ChatGPT從事學術寫作時，倘若出現看不出本文與引用文獻的區別的情況，建議另外使用Quillbot、Writefull等寫作輔助軟體協助改寫，以獲得更為適當、合乎學術規範的溝通表達方式。
以上歸納了使用ChatGPT 撰寫文章時常見的問題與補足之道，期盼讀者善用本手冊前九個單元所提示的寫作要點與延伸學習資源，以提高寫作自覺，增進自我編修能力。
最後還是要再次強調：ChatGPT只能提供我們文章的基本內容、架構，然而若欠缺了作者的觀點與靈光展現，最終所呈現的成品也將會是空有軀殼而平平無奇。以旅行為喻，參加旅行團時，導遊經常會在遊覽車上向旅客介紹沿途風光或是下一個景點的特色及相關故事。即使景點是相同的，但是不同導遊的學養、個人性格、人生體驗不同，介紹方式可能就會有很大差異。如果今天一位導遊只是單純陳述事實與現況，遊客可能會感受到對方只想敷衍應付，對導遊所說明的內容也可能覺得空洞、無聊。使用ChatGPT協助寫作亦然，它只能提供文章的基本架構、論點與內容，最終還是得經由作者的判斷，根據討論主題與設定的目標讀者，蒐集文獻資料增加深度，或調整措辭，才能展現獨特的個人風格。
