Writing has laws of perspective, of light and shade just as painting does, or music.
If you are born knowing them, fine.
If not, learn them.
Then rearrange the rules to suite yourself.
~ Truman Capote
Born Truman Streckfus Persons on September 30, 1924, in New Orleans, Louisiana, Truman Capote's creativity and talent as a writer was recognized at a young age. Possessing the gift of telling stories and entertaining others, Capote stood out among his peers with his ebullient personality. Fascinated by the rich and the social elite, Truman Capote spent most of his time in the clubs, marking his place among the socialites; his circle of friends included Gloria Guinness, Babe and Bill Paley, Jackie Kennedy, and Gloria Vanderbilt. Known for his Breakfast at Tiffany's and In Cold Blood, Capote is regarded as a trailblazer who has the unique skill to write in the most vivid of language that is yet plain and clear.
過去大麻曾被認為是入門毒品,普遍大眾認為,吸食大麻的群體,被認定有較高的機率會去使用其他成癮性更強、危害更大的毒品,如海洛英等。事實上,的確有研究指出(Panlilio et al.,2013)7,大麻會增強動物腦內對於其他類似藥物或毒品的反應,使得大麻使用者在第一次使用其他毒品時,會放大毒品所帶來的快感。但是也有其他研究提到(Levine et al.,2011)8,此一現象並不止存在於大麻之中,酒精與尼古丁也會有同樣的作用。由此我們可以推斷,如果我們因為大麻的此一特性將其視為入門毒品的話,那麼使用酒精與菸草的群體,也有同樣的風險去使用危害性更強的藥物。
再來討論大麻對於行車安全的影響。有研究指出(Lenne et al.,2010)9,吸食大麻與攝取酒精相同,會影響人的協調與認知能力,從而影響行車安全。也有學者抱持反對看法(Andrew Sewell et al.,2009)10,他們從現有的案例研究中,發現大麻吸食者往往會低估自己的反應能力,從而降低行車速度,而酒精攝取者則恰恰相反。2014年Romano等人的研究指出11,對於未酒後駕駛與酒後駕駛的司機來說,在同時使用刺激中樞神經的藥物如巴比妥、可待因等的情況之下,都會使得酒後駕駛的致死率提高。然而,若是將這類藥物與大麻做比較,則發現後者並未有與前者一樣的影響。由於使用大麻的人時常同時使用酒精,目前在實際案例的研究上難以判斷究竟是何者造成車禍肇事的主因。但是無論如何,現在都未能有證據指出,吸食大麻在行車安全的危害性上高於酒後駕駛。
此外,與普遍大眾的認知不同,吸食大麻或許並不會造成暴力行為。最近一年有研究指出(Smith et al., 2014)12,吸食大麻者在婚姻內親密關係暴力(IPV)的比率遠低於其他成癮性藥物的使用者,七年內的離婚率也較低。從此一研究我們可以猜測,大麻對於中樞神經的鎮定作用,反而減少了人們的侵略性與攻擊性,進而降低暴力行為的發生。
大麻的醫療價值已經在醫學界中獲得認可,然而現有的限制可能會阻礙了其發展的可能性。目前在動物實驗中,發現其對於癲癇有治療效果(Devinsky et al.,2014)13;美國也有原料含有大麻的上市藥物,主要用以針對多發性硬化症的患者具緩解疼痛的作用14。以臺灣來看,由於臺灣現在對於大麻的限制,一般民眾無法使用大麻作為醫療用途,使得目前一些在國外使用的治療方案在臺灣無法推行。此外,因法律將大麻認定為毒品,未來就算想要開放醫療用大麻,也可能會使得一些患者在使用上產生抗拒或是畏懼的心理。若能開放醫療用大麻的使用,則可以解決一些現在面對的疾病難題。
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Tashkin, D.P. (2013) Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung (Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2013 Jun;10(3):239-47.)
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Levine, A., Huang, Y., Drisaldi, B., Griffin, E. A., Pollak, D.D., Xu, S. et al. (2011). Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine.(Science Translational Medicine. 2011 Nov 2;3(107):107ra109)
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本次演講由熊宜君老師說明如何撰寫獎補助計畫,除了增加申請經費的成功機率,也可作為論文計畫之寫作參考。獎補助計畫應針對不同的經費提供單位量身訂做,並在動筆前預先設想評委關切的事項,例如計畫的重要性 (significance)、是否具有原創概念(original or new ideas)、可行性等等。獎補助計畫就像一個產品,必須向徵求單位解釋計畫為何重要,並讓對方相信申請人能成功執行,進而使其願意投資經費。
講者提出數項寫作建議,首先要了解應撰寫哪些內容,並按照規定去準備。獎補助計畫的徵求文件公告(Request for Proposal, RFP)通常會有詳細的贊助準則(funding guidelines),申請人應注意當年度的計畫內容是否有任何修改(modifications)、對於研究人員是否有背景限制(restrictions)、研究成果是否需要發表(required deliverables)、評分的標準(criteria)以及計畫的格式(proposal format)。